The Evolution of Marine Amphibious Warfare: A Historical Reflection on the Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV)

A Legacy Honored

The Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV), a stalwart of Marine operations for over five decades, has officially been decommissioned following a ceremony on September 26, 2025. This versatile vehicle, also known as the “workhorse,” has played a critical role in various conflicts ranging from Grenada to Iraq. With its unique ability to transition seamlessly from ship to shore, the AAV has been instrumental in facilitating amphibious assaults and troop movements.

Col. Lynn Berendsen, the commanding officer of the Assault Amphibian School at Camp Pendleton, emphasized during the ceremony the profound connection between the AAV and the Marine Corps. He articulated, “The AAV provided both mobility and armored defense, empowering Marine forces to engage swiftly and effectively with enemy positions. Its significance transcended its role as a mere transport; it was a combat vehicle integral to the Marine Air-Ground Task Force.”

Transitioning to Advanced Capabilities: The Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV)

In light of evolving warfare dynamics, the AAV is being succeeded by the Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV). The ACV boasts an improved design, characterized by enhanced maneuverability and resilience, tailored for modern expeditionary operations. With several field deployments since its introduction, the ACV aims to provide greater tactical flexibility in complex combat environments.

Key Features of the ACV:

• Eight-Wheeled Design: Enhances stability and mobility across varied terrains.
• Enhanced Armament: Upgraded weapon systems for increased combat effectiveness.
• Advanced Waterborne Operations: Designed to improve performance in diverse maritime conditions.

The AAV’s Historical Significance

Introduced into the Marine Corps arsenal in the early 1970s, the AAV replaced the previously relied-upon Landing Vehicle, Tracked (LVT). The LVT had a storied history from its combat debut in Guadalcanal to critical engagements in Tarawa, Inchon, and Vietnam. As a result, the AAV inherited a legacy of amphibious warfare that shaped modern military doctrine.

Between its initial deployment and its ultimate retirement, the AAV underwent numerous iterations, continuously adapting to the evolving demands of combat. Enhancements included upgrades in firepower, maneuverability, and protective capabilities, allowing the vehicle to maintain operational relevance over decades.

Addressing Operational Challenges

While the AAV has served valiantly, its operational history has not been without challenges. A tragic incident in 2020, where eight Marines and a sailor lost their lives during a training exercise off the California coast, raised significant concerns regarding vehicle maintenance and safety standards. Subsequent investigations highlighted deficiencies in training, vehicle readiness, and adherence to safety protocols, leading to accountability measures within the leadership.

Findings from Investigations:

• Vehicle Maintenance Issues: Investigations cited the AAV’s condition as “horrible,” necessitating better upkeep.
• Training Deficiencies: Alarmingly, lapses in proper training contributed to the tragic outcome.
• Leadership Accountability: High-ranking officials faced scrutiny and corrective actions in response to the incident.

Future Outlook and Continued Adaptation

As the AAV concludes its service, the Marine Corps confronts the daunting task of ensuring that the ACV can overcome initial setbacks encountered during its rollout. Notably, pauses in waterborne operations due to safety concerns and vehicle performance issues underscore the necessity of rigorous testing and adaptation.

Despite these hurdles, the ACV achieved a significant milestone in May 2024, marked by its official debut in a live-fire exercise in Oyster Bay, Philippines. This event underscores the strategic importance of amphibious capabilities in contemporary military operations.

Reflecting on the AAV’s Legacy

Col. Berendsen encapsulated the essence of the AAV’s service by stating, “Its legacy extends beyond capabilities and mechanisms; it embodies the spirit of countless Marines who relied on this vehicle in missions often marked by bravery and sacrifice.” As the Marine Corps ventures forward with the ACV, the lessons learned from the AAV’s extensive history will be pivotal in shaping future amphibious operations.

This transition reflects not only a shift in technology but a wider adaptation to the complex and unpredictable nature of modern warfare. The commitment to evolve in operational capability will ensure that the Marine Corps remains prepared for the challenges of the 21st century.